Results: The radiographic manifestations in the HIV-infected group included interstitial infiltration in 39 patients (75%),alveolar infiltration in five patients (9.6%), combined interstitial and alveolar infiltration in seven patients (13.4%), military infiltration in one patient (1.9%), and hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 17 patients (32.6%). One patient had extensivealveolar infiltration in conjunction with multiple cavitatary formations. The findings in the non-HIV-infected group wereinterstitial infiltration in 30 patients (73.1%), hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 13 patients (31.7%, 3 of whom hadadenopathy without parenchymal infiltration), and pleural effusion in two patients (4.8%). Other less frequent abnormalitiesincluded bronchiectasis, peribronchial thickening in the HIV-infected group, and atelectasis and granuloma in the non-HIV-infected group. There was no statistically significant difference in the radiographic findings between the two groups,except the association of hilar/mediastinallymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltration. Regarding hilar/mediastinallymphadenopathy with or without pulmonary infiltration between the two groups, all cases in the HIV-infected group withhilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy were significantly more associated with pulmonary infiltration (17 patients) than theother group (8 patients) (p = 0.009).
Conclusion: Hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy with pulmonary infiltration strongly suggests the presence of HIV infectionin children with pulmonary tuberculosis.